Head and neck cancer (HNC) ranks sixth among cancers worldwide. Due to their late diagnosis and poor prognosis, they are a clinical challenge. However, recent years have seen a dynamic development of science on the microbiome.

Purpose of review: The study aimed to assess the role of the microbiome in HNC, the impact of the microbiome on oncogenesis, the course of the disease, and treatment.

Results: The microbiome's influence on oncogenesis, disease course, and oncological treatment effectiveness have been confirmed in head and neck cancers. Research indicates disrupted oral microbiome and periodontal disease as potential cancer risk factors. In addition, disruption of the microbiome increases the toxicity of radiation therapy by intensifying the radiation reactions.

Summary: The microbiome plays an important role in cancer. It is a new target in research into new therapies. It may also be a prognostic marker of cancer development.

Keywords: Head and neck cancer, microbiome.